External blocks

Syntax
ExternBlock :
   unsafe? extern Abi? {
      InnerAttribute*
      ExternalItem*
   }

ExternalItem :
   OuterAttribute* (
         MacroInvocationSemi
      | ( Visibility? ( StaticItem | Function ) )
   )

External blocks provide declarations of items that are not defined in the current crate and are the basis of Rust’s foreign function interface. These are akin to unchecked imports.

Two kinds of item declarations are allowed in external blocks: functions and statics.

Calling functions or accessing statics that are declared in external blocks is only allowed in an unsafe context.

The external block defines its functions and statics in the value namespace of the module or block where it is located.

Functions

Functions within external blocks are declared in the same way as other Rust functions, with the exception that they must not have a body and are instead terminated by a semicolon.

Patterns are not allowed in parameters, only IDENTIFIER or _ may be used.

The safe and unsafe function qualifiers are allowed, but other function qualifiers (e.g. const, async, extern) are not.

Functions within external blocks may be called by Rust code, just like functions defined in Rust. The Rust compiler automatically translates between the Rust ABI and the foreign ABI.

A function declared in an extern block is implicitly unsafe unless the safe function qualifier is present.

When coerced to a function pointer, a function declared in an extern block has type extern "abi" for<'l1, ..., 'lm> fn(A1, ..., An) -> R, where 'l1, … 'lm are its lifetime parameters, A1, …, An are the declared types of its parameters, R is the declared return type.

Statics

Statics within external blocks are declared in the same way as statics outside of external blocks, except that they do not have an expression initializing their value.

Unless a static item declared in an extern block is qualified as safe, it is unsafe to access that item, whether or not it’s mutable, because there is nothing guaranteeing that the bit pattern at the static’s memory is valid for the type it is declared with, since some arbitrary (e.g. C) code is in charge of initializing the static.

Extern statics can be either immutable or mutable just like statics outside of external blocks.

An immutable static must be initialized before any Rust code is executed. It is not enough for the static to be initialized before Rust code reads from it. Once Rust code runs, mutating an immutable static (from inside or outside Rust) is UB, except if the mutation happens to bytes inside of an UnsafeCell.

ABI

By default external blocks assume that the library they are calling uses the standard C ABI on the specific platform. Other ABIs may be specified using an abi string, as shown here:

#![allow(unused)]
fn main() {
#[cfg(any(windows, target_arch = "x86"))]
// Interface to the Windows API
unsafe extern "stdcall" { }
}

There are three ABI strings which are cross-platform, and which all compilers are guaranteed to support:

  • unsafe extern "Rust" – The default ABI when you write a normal fn foo() in any Rust code.
  • unsafe extern "C" – This is the same as extern fn foo(); whatever the default your C compiler supports.
  • unsafe extern "system" – Usually the same as extern "C", except on Win32, in which case it’s "stdcall", or what you should use to link to the Windows API itself

There are also some platform-specific ABI strings:

  • unsafe extern "cdecl" – The default for x86_32 C code.
  • unsafe extern "stdcall" – The default for the Win32 API on x86_32.
  • unsafe extern "win64" – The default for C code on x86_64 Windows.
  • unsafe extern "sysv64" – The default for C code on non-Windows x86_64.
  • unsafe extern "aapcs" – The default for ARM.
  • unsafe extern "fastcall" – The fastcall ABI – corresponds to MSVC’s __fastcall and GCC and clang’s __attribute__((fastcall))
  • unsafe extern "vectorcall" – The vectorcall ABI – corresponds to MSVC’s __vectorcall and clang’s __attribute__((vectorcall))
  • unsafe extern "thiscall" – The default for C++ member functions on MSVC – corresponds to MSVC’s __thiscall and GCC and clang’s __attribute__((thiscall))
  • unsafe extern "efiapi" – The ABI used for UEFI functions.

Variadic functions

Functions within external blocks may be variadic by specifying ... as the last argument. The variadic parameter may optionally be specified with an identifier.

#![allow(unused)]
fn main() {
unsafe extern "C" {
    safe fn foo(...);
    unsafe fn bar(x: i32, ...);
    unsafe fn with_name(format: *const u8, args: ...);
}
}

Attributes on extern blocks

The following attributes control the behavior of external blocks.

The link attribute specifies the name of a native library that the compiler should link with for the items within an extern block.

It uses the MetaListNameValueStr syntax to specify its inputs. The name key is the name of the native library to link. The kind key is an optional value which specifies the kind of library with the following possible values:

  • dylib — Indicates a dynamic library. This is the default if kind is not specified.
  • static — Indicates a static library.
  • framework — Indicates a macOS framework. This is only valid for macOS targets.
  • raw-dylib — Indicates a dynamic library where the compiler will generate an import library to link against (see dylib versus raw-dylib below for details). This is only valid for Windows targets.

The name key must be included if kind is specified.

The optional modifiers argument is a way to specify linking modifiers for the library to link.

Modifiers are specified as a comma-delimited string with each modifier prefixed with either a + or - to indicate that the modifier is enabled or disabled, respectively.

Specifying multiple modifiers arguments in a single link attribute, or multiple identical modifiers in the same modifiers argument is not currently supported.
Example: #[link(name = "mylib", kind = "static", modifiers = "+whole-archive")].

The wasm_import_module key may be used to specify the WebAssembly module name for the items within an extern block when importing symbols from the host environment. The default module name is env if wasm_import_module is not specified.

#[link(name = "crypto")]
unsafe extern {
    // …
}

#[link(name = "CoreFoundation", kind = "framework")]
unsafe extern {
    // …
}

#[link(wasm_import_module = "foo")]
unsafe extern {
    // …
}

It is valid to add the link attribute on an empty extern block. You can use this to satisfy the linking requirements of extern blocks elsewhere in your code (including upstream crates) instead of adding the attribute to each extern block.

Linking modifiers: bundle

This modifier is only compatible with the static linking kind. Using any other kind will result in a compiler error.

When building a rlib or staticlib +bundle means that the native static library will be packed into the rlib or staticlib archive, and then retrieved from there during linking of the final binary.

When building a rlib -bundle means that the native static library is registered as a dependency of that rlib “by name”, and object files from it are included only during linking of the final binary, the file search by that name is also performed during final linking.
When building a staticlib -bundle means that the native static library is simply not included into the archive and some higher level build system will need to add it later during linking of the final binary.

This modifier has no effect when building other targets like executables or dynamic libraries.

The default for this modifier is +bundle.

More implementation details about this modifier can be found in bundle documentation for rustc.

Linking modifiers: whole-archive

This modifier is only compatible with the static linking kind. Using any other kind will result in a compiler error.

+whole-archive means that the static library is linked as a whole archive without throwing any object files away.

The default for this modifier is -whole-archive.

More implementation details about this modifier can be found in whole-archive documentation for rustc.

Linking modifiers: verbatim

This modifier is compatible with all linking kinds.

+verbatim means that rustc itself won’t add any target-specified library prefixes or suffixes (like lib or .a) to the library name, and will try its best to ask for the same thing from the linker.

-verbatim means that rustc will either add a target-specific prefix and suffix to the library name before passing it to linker, or won’t prevent linker from implicitly adding it.

The default for this modifier is -verbatim.

More implementation details about this modifier can be found in verbatim documentation for rustc.

dylib versus raw-dylib

On Windows, linking against a dynamic library requires that an import library is provided to the linker: this is a special static library that declares all of the symbols exported by the dynamic library in such a way that the linker knows that they have to be dynamically loaded at runtime.

Specifying kind = "dylib" instructs the Rust compiler to link an import library based on the name key. The linker will then use its normal library resolution logic to find that import library. Alternatively, specifying kind = "raw-dylib" instructs the compiler to generate an import library during compilation and provide that to the linker instead.

raw-dylib is only supported on Windows. Using it when targeting other platforms will result in a compiler error.

The import_name_type key

On x86 Windows, names of functions are “decorated” (i.e., have a specific prefix and/or suffix added) to indicate their calling convention. For example, a stdcall calling convention function with the name fn1 that has no arguments would be decorated as _fn1@0. However, the PE Format does also permit names to have no prefix or be undecorated. Additionally, the MSVC and GNU toolchains use different decorations for the same calling conventions which means, by default, some Win32 functions cannot be called using the raw-dylib link kind via the GNU toolchain.

To allow for these differences, when using the raw-dylib link kind you may also specify the import_name_type key with one of the following values to change how functions are named in the generated import library:

  • decorated: The function name will be fully-decorated using the MSVC toolchain format.
  • noprefix: The function name will be decorated using the MSVC toolchain format, but skipping the leading ?, @, or optionally _.
  • undecorated: The function name will not be decorated.

If the import_name_type key is not specified, then the function name will be fully-decorated using the target toolchain’s format.

Variables are never decorated and so the import_name_type key has no effect on how they are named in the generated import library.

The import_name_type key is only supported on x86 Windows. Using it when targeting other platforms will result in a compiler error.

The link_name attribute may be specified on declarations inside an extern block to indicate the symbol to import for the given function or static.

It uses the MetaNameValueStr syntax to specify the name of the symbol.

#![allow(unused)]
fn main() {
unsafe extern {
    #[link_name = "actual_symbol_name"]
    safe fn name_in_rust();
}
}

Using this attribute with the link_ordinal attribute will result in a compiler error.

The link_ordinal attribute can be applied on declarations inside an extern block to indicate the numeric ordinal to use when generating the import library to link against. An ordinal is a unique number per symbol exported by a dynamic library on Windows and can be used when the library is being loaded to find that symbol rather than having to look it up by name.

Warning: link_ordinal should only be used in cases where the ordinal of the symbol is known to be stable: if the ordinal of a symbol is not explicitly set when its containing binary is built then one will be automatically assigned to it, and that assigned ordinal may change between builds of the binary.

#![allow(unused)]
fn main() {
#[cfg(all(windows, target_arch = "x86"))]
#[link(name = "exporter", kind = "raw-dylib")]
unsafe extern "stdcall" {
    #[link_ordinal(15)]
    safe fn imported_function_stdcall(i: i32);
}
}

This attribute is only used with the raw-dylib linking kind. Using any other kind will result in a compiler error.

Using this attribute with the link_name attribute will result in a compiler error.

Attributes on function parameters

Attributes on extern function parameters follow the same rules and restrictions as regular function parameters.